The Great Firewall of China is a national
effort to protect Chinese corporate and state secrets and infrastructure from
cyberattacks. The initiative is overseen by the Chinese Ministry of Public
Security (MPS) and officially, the project is known as the Golden Shield.
The firewall is controversial because of fears
that the Chinese government is using cybersecurity as justification for
controlling what information the country's citizens can access. Sites blocked
by the Great Firewall include Facebook, Twitter, the New York Times and Google
and its services, including Youtube.
Web sites blocked by the Great Firewall generally appear as though they
are experiencing technical issues, rather than providing the end user with any
indication that the site has been blocked. Browsers typically return error
codes that say a page is not found (404 error), the connection needs to be
reset or the page has timed out. The Great Firewall blocks and redirects
internet traffic by a number of means, including DNS poisoning, IP address
blocks, analysing and filtering URLs, packet inspection and filtering,
resetting connections and blocking VPNs.
As in several other countries, certain keywords are flagged by the
government in order to monitor activity. Several sources have confirmed
that as of April, 2019, China has blocked Wikipedia across all language URLs.
Some Chinese citizens have found ways to circumvent state censorship with proxy
servers.
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