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Snapchat dysmorphia is a body-image disorder characterized by the
need to heavily edit one's own digital image. At its most severe, the
disorder may cause people to seek out cosmetic procedures in order to
replicate the altered images they present online.
Dr. Tijion Esho, a British physician known for performing cosmetic
procedures, coined the term Snapchat dysmorphia after becoming aware that an
increasing number of patients were bringing heavily-edited selfies to their
consultation appointments instead of celebrity photos, as was generally the
practice in the past. Doctors have reported that patients who bring in heavily-edited
selfies are often surprised to learn that their altered photographic results
cannot be replicated in real life.
Digital self portraits, which are commonly referred to as selfies, tend
to be a bit like studio portraits. Before photographing themselves, subjects
are likely to adjust hair, clothing, lighting and camera angles to capture a
flattering self image and then use digital filters to optimize the photo.
Mobile apps for Snapchat, Instagram and Facebook allow members to edit
digital images in real time. In just a few steps, it's possible to emphasize
desired features and minimize aspects of the photo the selfie-taker doesn't
like. The problem is that while digitally removing a double chin may be quick
and pleasing to the eye, the resulting photo may not bear a great deal of
resemblance to the person's real-life appearance, and that disconnect can
leave the selfie-taker feeling insecure.
Dysmorphia explained
Dysmorphia itself is defined as an inability to view one's own physical
attributes objectively. This typically manifests as a conviction that there
is something unacceptable about one's appearance to others. That belief can
evolve into an obsessive preoccupation with physical appearance and perceived
flaws, a condition known as body dysmorphic disorder (BDD).
Unlike Snapchat dysmorphia, BDD is included in the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). As of the psychological
standards most recent edition in 2013, BDD is thought to affect 2.4 percent
of the population, although incidence is thought to be rapidly rising.
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A black swan event is an incident that occurs randomly and unexpectedly and has wide-spread ramifications. The event is usually followed with reflection and a flawed rationalization that it was inevitable. The phrase illustrates the frailty of inductive reasoning and the danger of making sweeping generalizations from limited observations. The term came from the idea that if a man saw a thousand swans and they were all white, he might logically conclude that all swans are white. The flaw in his logic is that even when the premises are true, the conclusion can still be false. In other words, just because the man has never seen a black swan, it does not mean they do not exist. As Dutch explorers discovered in 1697, black swans are simply outliers -- rare birds, unknown to Europeans until Willem de Vlamingh and his crew visited Australia. Statistician Nassim Nicholas Taleb uses the phrase black swan as a metaphor for how humans deal with unpredictable events in his 2007...
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