Swarm intelligence is
the study of decentralized, self-organized systems that can move quickly in a
coordinated manner. In nature, swarms occur instinctively and scientists have
studied natural processes such as ant colonization, bird flocking and animal
herding to learn how discrete biological agents work together with their
environment to perform a common goal.
In robotics, swarm
intelligence involves taking what scientists have learned from observing nature
and applying the concepts to machines. For example, a robot swarm may be made
up of tiny, identical devices -- each equipped with a sensor. When information
collected by one robot agent is shared with the other devices in the group, it
allows the individual devices to function as a united group. Robot swarms tend
to be simple and agents are often equipped with sonar, radar or cameras to
collect information about the environment around them.
Types of communication between swarm agents
Individual bots or
agents in a swarm can communicate in a variety of ways, including:
- Point-to-point communication: Information is passed from agent to agent directly
to alert the swarm about locations, obstacles or goals.
- Broadcast communication: One agent in the swarm sends information to the
rest of the swarm at once using means like sound, light or wireless.
- Environmental communication: A message is left by an agent within the
environment the swarm is moving through, enabling the other members to
interpret that information to impact their behavior. This is similar to the way
insects leave a trail of chemicals behind to lead their counterparts to a
specific location.
Examples of swarm intelligence
Swarm intelligence
has many use cases. One application of swarm intelligence can be seen in the
tiny, drone-like cameras used for dangerous search and rescue missions. When
programmed to operate together as one unit, the robots are able to perform a
highly sensitive global task such as searching for survivors in destroyed
areas. Swarm intelligence is also used to simulate crowds in movies and
interactive systems, such as virtual reality games.
Smart dust is a term
used to describe a swarm of microelectromechanical robots (MEMS) that are small
enough to stay suspended in air. Scientists hope that some day, smart dust can
be used to detect information about environments on other planets. Characteristics
that could be tracked include chemicals, vibrations, light patterns,
temperatures, acceleration speeds and magnetic fields.
In information technology (IT), network engineers have modeled the idea
of intent-based routing (IBN) after the way ants share information. A
probabilistic routing table is used to reward and reinforce successful packet
routing.
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